Marketing and Starbucks Essay

1.0 Introduction: The Starbucks Corporation was established by three business visionaries at the spot called Seattle in 1971. At first they were selling of entire bean espresso in one Seattle store and continuously 1982 the business had developed immensely and has opened five stores selling the espresso beans, a simmering office, and a discount business for neighborhood eateries. At the point when the Starbucks began its business it was just a little retail bistro as like the other cafés. The principle vision of the Starbucks proprietors was to teach clients about the fine espressos feel the smell of the Dark cooked espresso, selling only the espresso was not their point as the espresso was sold in the USA since 1960’s (Starbucks contextual investigation). Howard Schultz was enrolled as the chief of retail and showcasing and it was Howard who carried new plans to the proprietors, however he was turned down. Schultz thusly opened his own bistro was named Il Giornale in 1986 dependent on Italian espresso bistros, selling blended Starbucks espresso. By 1987, Schultz had extended to three coffeehouses and purchased Starbucks from the first proprietors for $4 million and changed the name of his cafés from Il Giornale to Starbucks. His aim for the organization was to develop gradually with an exceptionally strong establishment. For the initial two years, Starbucks misfortunes served as overhead and working costs expanded with Starbucks development. Schultz persevered and didn't forfeit long haul honesty and qualities for transient benefit. By 1991, Starbucks deals expanded by 84% and the organization were free and clear. Starbucks developed to 20 stores by 1988. By 1996 it developed to 870 stores with plans to open 2000 stores constantly 2000. 2.0 Marketing stategyof Starbuks: Advertising methodology is completing division, focusing on and situating. Doing the definite comprehension of the commercial center into vital choices and the focusing of suitable client gatherings. This focusing on ought to underline on any differential points of interest and embrace a reasonable situating inside the objective sections (Dibb and Simkin, 1996). Starbucks has embraced a Differentiation procedure it is a methodology which looks to give item or administration that offer advantages and ought to be not quite the same as contenders that are broadly esteemed by clients. The point this technique is to accomplish advantage by offering better items or administrations at same or more significant expense. When Starbucks was propelled there were numerous coffeehouses in the United States around then however Starbucks needed to stand one of a kind from the others. Promoting can possibly add to the exceptionally significant parts of the hierarchical seriousness, in particular development (Kerin, 1992) and serious examination (Varadarajan, 1992) and Schulz needed to improve and reproduce the experience of the Italian café culture. Starbucks fundamentally centered around the technique of new items, a more grounded association with the clients as the Third spot and growing store areas in the United States and abroad. Starbucks has followed the straightforward STP process (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning). 2.1 Segmentation: Market Segmentation is a procedure of partitioning a market into particular gatherings of purchasers with various necessities, qualities, or conduct that may require separate items or showcasing programs is called Market Segmentation (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). At first Starbucks was based as a Socio-Economic division base in customer Markets as it has focused on social class especially the business class individuals the individuals who are working at the workplace and needed to have some espresso with a decent climate and offices. Starbucks additionally had fragmented his market by geographic and demographically by choosing the store area where they can locate the informed and espresso sweethearts (Dibb and Simkin, 1996). 2.2Targeting: After an organization has characterized showcase fragments, it can enter one or numerous portions of a given market and should settle on choice about what number of and which client gatherings to target (Dibb and Simkin, 1996). Target Marketing is a procedure of assessing each market segment’s engaging quality and choosing at least one sections to enter (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). The idea of target promoting is a legitimate ramifications of the fundamental way of thinking of showcasing (Lancaster and Massingham, 1993). An organization should target portions in which it can productively create the best client esteem and support it additional time. Starbucks needed to build up a trustworthy relationship with the clients, Most of organizations enter in another market y serving a solitary portion, and if this demonstrates effective than they include more sections, at first Starbucks did likewise focused on the guardians with the little youngsters and it was hit idea and it has included more fragments by including Teenagers and built up its item run additionally (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). 2.3 Positioning: When the organization has chosen which market portions to enter it ought to choose what positions it needs to involve in those fragments. Market Positioning is masterminding an item to possess clear, particular, and alluring spot comparative with contending items in the brains of target clients. An items position is the spot that the item possesses comparative with rivals in shoppers minds. Here for this situation the Starbucks has built up a novel market position for their items in such a case that an item is to be actually same like the others available than customers would have no motivation to get it. Starbucks has situated themselves in the market as an exceptionally rumored brand (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). For this situation Starbucks has arranged his situating so that it recognize their items from contending brands and give them the best key bit of leeway in their objective markets. Starbucks has a graphically basic articulation to move and sustain the human soul â€Å"one individual, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time†. Starbucks situating methodology was client base with the goal that it can give the best help more than what the clients anticipate. Starbucks has increased an upper hand over consumer loyalty and representative fulfillment as Starbucks had built up its situating system dependent on the client and gave the most extreme office as far as design, furniture to the music, and regarding worker fulfillment Starbucks make representative as an accomplices and gave them an individual security with an opportunity to take an interest in the each choice of the business and make it fruitful (Porter and Miller, 1985, Porter, 1998). 3.0 Developing Marketing Mix: One of the significant ideas in the cutting edge promoting is before the organization has chosen its general showcasing methodology than it should design the subtleties of the advertising blend. â€Å"Marketing blend is the arrangement of controllable, strategic showcasing apparatuses (item, value, spot, and advancement) that the firm mixes to deliver the reaction it needs in the objective market† (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). Starbucks has a used sound judgment on promoting blend instruments 3.1 Product: â€Å"Product implies the products and enterprises blend the organization offers to the objective market†. Starbucks has utilized Brand name, Quality, Variety and Services as their Product apparatus which can be finished up by this announcement, Starbucks with a decent Brand name gives best Quality and the Variety of Products, it has received Quality improvement procedure (Kotler and Keller, 2009). At first Starbucks began with the espresso than it has included non-fat milk, cold mixed drinks. Later on expressed occasional contributions, for example, strawberry and cream Frappuccino, gingerbread latte with some food things like treats and baked goods. Before propelling the items Starbucks was getting the endorsement of the clients. 3.2 Price: â€Å"Price is the measure of cash clients need to pay to acquire the product†. Despite the fact that the Price of the Starbucks was higher than the other bistros, the clients were prepared to pay the sum on the grounds that Starbucks has built up a rich picture with all the offices inside the store. Starbucks as a decent Brand have offered more advantages and offices and the best nature of items to legitimize their more significant expenses (Kotler et al, 2006). 3.3 Distribution and Service: Starbucks has a decent circulation channels at first it was selling espresso beans and doing discount business for nearby eateries. As far as administration and area Starbucks opened the stores in a such a manner, that it can reach to focused clients and it has additionally gave more weight on giving the best client care by going through a great deal of cash via preparing its workers (Starbucks contextual analysis). 3.4 Promotion: Starbucks at first didn't utilize the publicizing device for advancement however it was the Public relations and the Personal selling device that helped the Starbucks to accomplish its objective

Asch Study Research Paper free essay sample

Solomon Asch at last led the examination in 1951 on a gathering of male members. Asch made two cards, the principal card had a line that the members needed to coordinate with a different line on the subsequent card, this card had three lines that the members could look over. Asch originally assembled eight confederates, â€Å"actors acting like participants† (Pastorino, 512). Every one of the eight of these confederates where advised to intentionally say the conspicuous wrong answer. So asch took eight confederates and one member and asked them which line on the subsequent card was a similar length as the line on the principal card. The confederates went first with the goal that the member could hear their answer. After the confederates said their answer the member was then expected to offer his response. Seventy-four percent of the time the member would fit in with the confederates answer. Through this analysis Asch discovered monstrous data. The individuals who adjusted first clearly indicated doubt, even with all the mistrust they despite everything accommodated. We will compose a custom exposition test on Asch Study Research Paper or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Very nearly 75% of the individuals put under the gathering tension complied with the conspicuous bogus answer. In brain research this is the Asch Effect. The Asch Effect is â€Å"the impact of a gathering larger part on the decisions of an individual† (Zimbardo, 571). In spite of the fact that most of the members complied with clear wrong answer, there were some that stayed with their own convictions. These individuals are called Heroes, â€Å"Heroes are individuals who can oppose situational powers that overpower their friends and stay consistent with their own values† (Zimbardo, 572). These kind of individuals challenge the degenerate society and don’t go with the gatherings convictions. Just as Heroes, there are Independents who may fall in dismay of the others, yet at the same time oblige their own answers. Solomon Asch made an examination to test the forces of similarity by planning a test comprised of line to discover research and data required when finding out about congruity. Congruity is the point at which somebody receives a group’s conduct, mentalities, and conclusions just to fit in. There were numerous individuals who fit in with Asch’s study. Seventy-four percent of the members put into the investigation complied with the group’s bogus answers. In spite of the fact that the greater part adjusted there were other that didn’t fit in with the appropriate responses of the gathering, these individuals were the Heroes and the Individuals. Taking everything into account most of the individuals put into this investigation fit in with the group’s answers. Panarchy. Solomon Asch : Opinions and Social Pressure (1955). Panarchy Panarchie Panarchia Panarquia. 2001-2010. Web. 16 Jan. 2011. lt;http://www. panarchy. organization/asch/social. pressure. 1955. htmlgt;. Pastorino, Ellen, and Susann Doyle-Portillo. What Is Psychology? Australia: Thomson Wadsworth, 2009. Print. Zimbardo, Philip G. Brain research: AP* Edition with Discovery Psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn amp; Bacon, 2010. Print.

A Complete Reading List of Books For Readers Missing GLEE

A Complete Reading List of Books For Readers Missing GLEE They sing, they dance, they act, they write? You might not know that many cast members from Fox’s musical teen drama are actually quadruple threats. That’s right. A ton of Glee stars and guest stars have penned their own novels, memoirs, and self help books, so if you’re missing the beautiful disaster that was Glee, I’ve got you covered. Here’s a complete list of books by Glee actors. Chris Colfer Chris Colfer, who portrayed Glee’s beloved Kurt Hummel, is definitely the most prolific writer of the Glee squad. He hasn’t acted much since Glee, instead launching a pretty successful career as an author. His works include The Land of Stories series for children, and more recently a YA novel called Stranger Than Fanfiction. And in case you didn’t know, he actually wrote an episode of Glee! Check out “Old Dog, New Tricks” (season 5, episode 19) to get a taste of his writing talent. Lea Michele Lea Michele, AKA Rachel Berry, has written two books post-Glee. Her memoir, Brunette Ambition, tells the story of her life-long career in show business, along with memories of her time with Glee, and especially memories of her late boyfriend and costar Cory Monteith. Her follow-up book, You First: Journal Your Way to Your Best Life, is chock full of lifestyle tips and journaling prompts. Jane Lynch If you’re wondering whether Jane Lynch is anything like the morally ambiguous Sue Sylvester, you need look no further than her writings. Her memoir Happy Accidents focuses on her journey to self-acceptance, while her picture book Marlene, Marlene, Queen of Mean, written with A.E. Mikesell and Lara Embry, combats childhood bullying.   Naya Rivera The sassy Santana Lopez would no doubt appreciate Naya Rivera’s memoir, Sorry Not Sorry: Dreams, Mistakes, and Growing Up. In true Santana fashion, it’s full of the juiciest gossip. If you’re looking for all the Glee-era dirt, this is the book for you. Jenna Ushkowitz Jenna Ushkowitz’s book Choosing Glee: 10 Rules to Finding Inspiration, Happiness, and the Real You (written with Sheryl Berk) delivers on everything we loved from Tina’s storyline in Glee. It’s all about finding yourself and gaining self confidence, illustrated with photos and keepsakes from Ushkowitz’s life. And that’s just the main cast. Plenty of Glees recurring characters and guest stars have written their own books as well. See the complete, star-studded list below. NeNe Leakes (swim coach Roz Washington) Never Make the Same Mistake Twice: Lessons on Love and Life Learned the Hard Way Stephen Tobolowsky (former glee club director Sandy Ryerson) My Adventures With God The Dangerous Animals Club Whoopi Goldberg (Carmen Tibideaux, Dean of Vocal Performance and Song Interpretation at NYADA) Sugar Plum Ballerinas Series Whoopi’s Big Book of Manners If Someone Says You Complete Me, RUN!: Whoopis Big Book of Relationships Is it Just Me? Or Is It Nuts Out There? Kristin Chenoweth (McKinley High Alumna April Rhodes) A Little Bit Wicked: Life, Love, and Faith in Stages, with Joni Rodgers Gwyneth Paltrow (substitute teacher turned glee club director Holly Holliday) Its All Easy: Delicious Weekday Recipes for the Super-Busy Home Cook It’s All Good, with Julia Turshen Notes from My Kitchen Table My Fathers Daughter: Delicious, Easy Recipes Celebrating Family Togetherness Kate Hudson (NYADA dance instructor Cassandra July) Pretty Happy: The Healthy Way to Love Your Body Pretty Fun: Creating and Celebrating a Lifetime of Traditions Demi Lovato (waitress, musician, and temporarily Santana’s girlfriend Dani) Staying Strong: 365 Days a Year Peter Facinelli (Rupert Campion, director of the Broadway revival of Funny Girl) After the Red Rain, with Barry Lyga and Robert DeFranco Protocol Orphans, with Michael Alan Nelson Sarah Jessica Parker (Vogue executive Isabelle Wright) She’s not exactly an author, but Sarah Jessica Parker is the Editorial director of SJP for Hogarth, a new imprint of Penguin Random House! Josh Groban (Josh Groban) Stage to Stage: My Journey to Broadway Carol Burnett (Doris Sylvester, AKA Sue’s mom) What I Want to Be When I Grow Up, with George Mendoza One More Time This Time Together: Laughter and Reflection Carrie and Me: A Mother-Daughter Love Story Gloria Estefan (Santana’s mother, Maribel Lopez) The Magically Mysterious Adventures of Noelle the Bulldog, with Michael Garland Noelles Treasure Tale, with Michael Garland Estefan Kitchen, with Emilio Estefan Molly Shannon (astronomy teacher and badminton coach Brenda Castle) Tilly the Trickster, with Ard Hoyt Britney Spears (Britney Spears fantasy) Heart to Heart, with Lynn Spears A Mother’s Gift, with Lynn Spears Shirley Maclaine (New York Socialite June Dolloway) Out on a Limb The Camino Sage-ing while Age-ing Don’t Fall Off the Mountain Dancing in the Light It’s All in the Playing My Lucky Stars What If . . .: A Lifetime of Questions, Speculations, Reasonable Guesses, and a Few Things I Know for Sure Dance While You Can Out on a Leash: How Terrys Death Gave Me New Life Going Within: A Guide for Inner Transformation Above the Line: My Wild Oats Adventure Olivia Newton John (Olivia Newton John) Livwise Cookbook: Easy, Well-Balanced, And Delicious Recipes For A Healthy, Happy Life Perez Hilton (Perez Hilton) The Boy with the Pink Hair Perez Hiltons True Bloggywood Stories: The Glamorous Life of Beating, Cheating, and Overdosing, with Jared Shapiro Red Carpet Suicide: A Survival Guide on Keeping Up with the Hiltons, with Jared Shapiro Andrew Rannells (Andrew Rannells) Rannells is set to publish a so-far-unnamed memoir in 2019, but in the meantime you can read his Modern Love essay, “During a Night of Casual Sex, Urgent Messages Go Unanswered.” Neil Patrick Harris (Bryan Ryan, school board member) Choose Your Own Autobiography The Magic Misfits Tyra Banks (owner of Bichette modeling agency) Modelland Tyra’s Beauty: Inside Out Perfect Is Boring: 10 Things My Crazy, Fierce Mama Taught Me About Beauty, Booty, and Being a Boss Kathy Griffin (Tammy Jean Albertson, judge of the 2011 Western Ohio Regional Show Choir Championship) Official Book Club Selection: A Memoir According to Kathy Griffin Kathy Griffins Celebrity Run-Ins: My A-Z Index Ricky Martin (Spanish teacher David Martinez) Santiago the Dreamer in Land Among the Stars Santiago and Alejandro’s Adventure Me Happy reading, Gleeks.

Different Opinions on Wether or not the Legal Drinking Age Should be Lowered - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1256 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Lowering The Drinking Age Essay Did you like this example? Thesis: Binge drinking is a major problem in todays society, and some would argue that it is because of the legal drinking age; today, I would like to explore two opinions on lowering the legal drinking age in order to understand this issue more. Introduction: [Attention-Getter] Each year, more than 4,300 minors die due to heavy drinking. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Different Opinions on Wether or not the Legal Drinking Age Should be Lowered" essay for you Create order The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism states that 5.1 million people ages twelve to twenty admit to having binged on alcohol at least one time within the past month. One in twenty-five college students share that they have consumed fifteen or more drinks within a two week period (Newport Academy 2017). For those who dont know, one drink is defined as (Buddy T 2018) Twelve ounces of beer Five ounces of wine One and a half ounces of hard liquor [Reveal topic and relate to audience] The current legal drinking age is twenty-one, but there have been discussions about reducing that age. As college students, this issue affects us directly as we have all been exposed to alcohol wether it be from a firsthand experience or not. [Establish credibility] At our age, and in the college environment, Im sure that we all have some basic knowledge of the frequency and amount of alcohol consumption among our peers. [Thesis and Preview] Binge drinking is a major problem in todays society, and some would argue that it is being caused by the United States legal drinking age; today, I would like to explore two opinions on lowering the legal drinking age in order to understand this issue more. Signpost: First, we will take a look at some arguments in favor of keeping the drinking age at twenty-one. Body Around 1986, the federal government required all states to have an MLDA, or minimum legal drinking age (Toomey 2009). By 1988, every state had begun enforcing a minimum legal drinking age of twenty-one (Toomey 2009). A lot of states had to go through major processes in order to change this law. Changing the MLDA is a long, strenuous process. This is one reason that people argued not to lower it again. To better understand this argument, I will be using Michigan as a specific example. When Michigan made their MLDA twenty-one, there was a lot of backlash. Michigan then came back with two arguments (Toomey 2009). The first argument that they presented was that this new law would be extremely beneficial to public safety. When the drinking age was lower, there was a spike in automobile accidents among eighteen to twenty year olds. They had done a lot of research in order to find that underage drinking and highway crashes were directly related. This resulted in them using the MLDA as a defense against crashes. While some may believe that normalizing drinking at a younger age could help educate minors on how to drink responsibly, many people believe that it will only increase the frequency of consumption. The second argument, was that drinking alcohol is not a protected right in the constitution. This is why they believed that it was not immoral to change the legal age. Americans are extremely protective of their rights, which is why some people thought that it is only right that they be able to control their own drinking habits; however, this is not a guaranteed right in the U.S. constitution. According to Andrew Plunk, there was an argument that lowering the drinking age would only make drinking more dangerous for kids who are not in college. By lowering the drinking age, college students would be able to legally drink, which would only make it more dangerous for people who still arent old enough. While some people currently believe that the MLDA makes it dangerous for college students, it is being argued that by lowering it, we will be putting high school and middle school students at risk (Martinez 407-410). Studies have shown that the minors who are fighting to get the drinking age lowered are those who are heavy users and at risk (Martinez 407-410). This could mean that they are only looking for a more convenient way to drink alcohol. Transition: Now that we have explored one perspective, why dont we begin looking at arguments in favor of lowering the drinking age. There are also many people arguing that lowering the legal drinking age may be just what we need in order to keep our societys youth safe. In the U.S., thirty-one percent of automobile accidents are alcohol related. This is much higher than European countries who enforce an MLDA below twenty-one (procon.org 2016). A 2016 study showed that 20% of their high school subjects had gotten into a car where the driver had been consuming alcohol . The other argument is that the drinking age encourages bad drinking habits (Anderson 2016). This includes binge drinking. Binge drinking is a huge issue among college students (Wechsler and Nelson 986). Before going to a party, minors will consume large amounts of alcohol in a very short period of time in order to feel the effects without worrying about getting caught in possession of alcohol. This greatly increases the possibility of alcohol poisoning, There are an average of about six deaths every day caused by alcohol poisoning (Newport Academy 2017). The final argument that I will cover is the argument that being eighteen makes you a legal adult in every other part of society (Anderson 2016). It is a popular opinion that if you have the right to vote, get married, join the army, etc., you should be able to decide if/how you would like to consume alcohol. Having such serious rights as the ones I just listed cause people to believe they are more than capable enough to make a decision about alcohol consumption. One popular argument that I came across, was that if we are mature enough to make political decisions and have a say in such large issues, then we should be mature enough to make a decision that will only affect our bodies (Anderson 2016). Now that we have explored these two perspectives, I would like to invite you all to join me in a discussion about what we just heard. Dialogue Questions If lowered, what age should it be lowered to? Would anybodys lives be changed drastically by a lowering of the legal drinking age? Does anyone agree that drinking could be safer if the legal age is lowered? Is there a way to keep the MLDA at twenty-one, while also keeping minors aware of the dangers of binge drinking? How? According to a 2009 study, heavy drinking rates were very high on college campuses. However, they only asked minors. How do you think the results would differ if they had asked people of all ages? What are your opinions on the fact that only heavy drinkers were arguing to lower the legal drinking age? Conclusion [Signal End] As we have learned today, [Review] The minimum legal drinking age in the United States can cause a lot of tension and disagreement We have explored the perspective of those who would like the MLDA to stay at twenty-one, and we also looked at those who would like to lower it. I hope that after what I shared with you, and the discussion that we had, you will be able to make a personal decision on wether or not you think that the legal drinking age should be lowered. Insert some information from class discussion. [Closing Line] I now encourage you to go out into the world and make responsible choices and remember what we have learned today.

Human Papillomavirus Known As Hpv - 1146 Words

Causative Organism(s): Human papillomavirus known as HPV is a Papovavirus that is transmitted sexually. It is in fact one of the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States, it comes in hundred different forms and affects the body in different ways. Some forms of it can cause warts while others may cause cervical changes that may lead to cancer (4). HPV can infect both man and woman but only causes cancer in females. Although HPV seems to have a more severe effect on women than men it still places both in danger. Men can unknowingly be carriers of the virus that can affect the woman severely, therefore both men and women have to take responsibility to decrease the spread of HPV (5). HPV is a small unenveloped virus with†¦show more content†¦The E6 and E7 proteins play and important rule in oncogenic property of human papillomavirus that can cause anogenital cancers as their high risk factor and warts as their low risk factor. E6 AND E7 proteins promote cell growth by inactivating the tumor suppressor proteins P53 and PRb (5). Pathogenesis: Most people who are infected with genital HPV do not develop signs and symptoms from it. HPV is asymptomatic and in most cases the body s immune system resolve the HPV spontaneously within two years (4). There are several tests that can be done to diagnose the HPV infection, Pap test a sample of cervical cells or vaginal cells are collected and sent to the lab. This test can tell you whether the cell structures have changed and if an abnormal looking cell is present it usually means there is a high risk of developing cancer. The DNA test detects whether high risk HPV are present. The vinegar solution test, a vinegar solution is applied to the genital area, if HPV infection is present the areas will turn white. Unfortunately there are no tests available for men (7). HPV is categorized as Low risk and High risk. The Low risk strands have very few or no symptoms. The most common symptoms are genital warts. Genital warts usually pink or flesh cauliflower type tumor on th e genital area. The high risk strands have also few are no visible symptoms due to

My Passion Free Essays

Cooking is my passion. It allows me to be creative when I’m normally not. Anything I cook makes me feel good: desserts, lunch, dinner, or snacks. We will write a custom essay sample on My Passion or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’m most relaxed in the kitchen, apron on, and ingredients everywhere. It’s like a challenge to see what’s in my fridge and pantry and to see what I can create. Every pot and pan I have waiting on my stove, a pantry full of ingredients at my leisure, an eager family waiting in the other room, ideas tumbling around in my head, utensils cleaned and ready, my mind goes somewhere else and I am in my element. My passion is waiting. The simpler the ingredients, the better. I can’t decide whether to use pasta, rice, or potatoes. My hands instinctively grab for the olive oil to prep my saute pan. A dish in my house is not complete without garlic so I start there. Within minutes I have the veggies sauteing, the pasta boiling, the salad resting, the meat searing, and the fresh bread baking. The aroma wakes my family from whatever they were doing and they join me in the kitchen to chitchat and watch me work. Swatting my husband’s hands as he attempts to sneak a bite is instinctual; he has to wait for the finished product like everyone else. The meat is resting and waiting to be sliced, the fresh bread is cooling on a platter, the water glasses are waiting to be filled, and the table is set. I get anxious as everything is finishing at once and my husband helps by draining and tossing the pasta with some olive oil to keep it from sticking. The veggies are perfectly tender in the garlic butter cream sauce and look beautiful atop the tri color pasta. I feel proud that my family enjoys my cooking as much as I do. Their joy is the reason I love it so much. It’s finally time to eat. How to cite My Passion, Papers

Tuberculosis Essays (584 words) - Tuberculosis,

Tuberculosis Tuberculosis has existed since 2000 BC. There has been evidence of tubercles in mummified Egyptian mummies dating around 2400 BC with clear symptoms of the disease. The Greeks were the people to give the disease its name tuberculosis which means small lumps. The major epidemics of tuberculosis were in the seventeenth century and in the nineteenth century, which mainly affected the Untied States and Europe. Little was known about how to fight or cure tuberculosis and there was also little research done on tuberculosis. It wasnt until the nineteenth century that great strives was made in helping find a cure for tuberculosis. In 1882 Robert Koch discovered a staining technique that eventually let him see the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis. An American physician Edward Trudeus built the first American sanatorium, because of his experiences with tuberculosis. By 1930 the United States had 600 sanatoriums with a total of 84,000 beds. Bacteriologists Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin worked with a violent strain of tuberculosis at the Pasteur Institute. In 1924 they developed a vaccination called BCG. They first administered the BCG vaccine to a young boy who was at a very high risk of developing Tuberculosis. The vaccine was successful and the newborn never developed the disease. Then in 1944 microbiologist Selman Waksman isolated an anti tuberculosis antibiotic, antinomyein but was too toxic for humans or animals to use. In 1943 Waksman discovered streptomycin a substance from streptomyes griseus that killed the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis, being the modern era of antibiotic therapy. With the use of antibiotics, tuberculosis decreased through out the world for the next thirty years. Mortality rates dropped sharply. In the United States tuberculosis dropped from 188 per 100,000 people in 1980 to about 1 per 100,000 people in 1980. The new cure for Tuberculosis was working so well that medical experts expected that tuberculosis would be completely eliminated by the year 2010. Unfortunately by 1985 tuberculosis began to get out of control in most underdeveloped countries and even in the United States where it increased by 20 percent. One reason for the increase of tuberculosis was HIV. People how became infected with HIV have their immune systems weakened by the disease which greatly increase the risk of getting tuberculosis. The increase of tuberculosis was the highest in African and Asia, where HIV infects the highest number of people in the world. Another reason for the increase of tuberculosis was the failure of patients to complete their whole proscribed medicine. Most people take the medicine until the felt better unaware that they have to take the whole dose of medicine to fully get rid of the disease. Also that by not fully finishing their medicine the disease had became resistant to some of the medicine s. Both of my articles that I used for this paper were very well written out they explained every thing and had bold face captions for things that were really important. I think that the articles did a good job in getting their point across especially about the mutation of tuberculosis and its resistance against medicine. I think that its us as the patients fault for not fully taking our medicine, but I think its also the doctors fault to because they never tell me that I have to take the whole perception or else the disease will became resistant to it next time. Bibliography http//www.state.nj.us/health/cd/tbhistry.com, A History of Tuberculosis http//www.content.health.msn.com, Tuberculosis Science Essays

Personal Approach to Counseling Essays

Personal Approach to Counseling Essays Personal Approach to Counseling Essay Personal Approach to Counseling Essay Personal Approach to Counseling Todd J. Schmenk, M. Ed. Rhode Island College Author Note Todd J, Schmenk, M. Ed. , Department of Counseling, Educational Leadership, and School Psychology Department, Feinstein School of Education and Human Development, Rhode Island College. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Todd J. Schmenk, M. Ed. , Department of Counseling, Educational Leadership, and School Psychology Department, Feinstein School of Education and Human Development, Rhode Island College, Providence, RI 02908 E-mail: [emailprotected] om 1. Key Concepts In dealing with individuals and in my experience and studies over the years I have come to the conclusion that a person’s development and interactions with the world is a compilation of internal adaptations to external stimulus. As the philosopher Ken Wilber put it â€Å" A person’s network-logic is a dialectic (an investingating or discussing the truth of opinions) of w hole and part. As many details as possible are checked; then a tentative big picture is assembled; it is checked against further details, and the big picture readjusted. And so on indefinitely, with ever more details constantly altering the big picture- and vice versa. † (Wilber, 2000, Loc. 213-15) Drawing upon this broad but key ideology, any approach to counseling or psychotherapy, in my opinion, would have to be sure to address these internal processes and conclusions in order to help an individual deal with and achieve balance when an imbalance has occurred. In order to do so, this would mean incorporating upon several of the key components of made by astute individuals who have helped to define the various aspects of these processes. Of great influence to my approach would be Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development which considers the impact of external factors from family, specifically the parents, to cultural and societal influences and their effects on an individual’s personality (ego) development from childhood to adulthood. According to Erikson’s theory, every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle. (Arlene F Harder, 2011) At each transition, there is the possibility that the individual may falter and develop less than optimal approaches for dealing with external stimuli. Going a step further in identification and specificity of those external influences and their effects on an individuals ego development are the works of Dr. Clare Grave, Dr. Chris Cowen, and Dr. Donald Beck, who have compiled their observations in their theory which they refer to as â€Å"Spiral Dynamics†. Dr. Graves in the early 1950’s refered to this new emerging approach to human understanding as a biopsycho-social system. In his words he defined the term as: â€Å"Bio† for the neurology and chemical energy of life and the organismic part of us. The â€Å"Psycho† for the variables of personality and life expereinces, our temperments and sense of self and relationships to others, the â€Å"Social† for the collective energy in group dynamics and culture as the interpersonal domain influences human behavior in collective settings ranging from small groups and families to corporations and entire societies, and the â€Å"System† for the interdependence and action/reaction of these three upon one another in a coherent whole according to principles laid out in General Systems theory and other approaches to how things work and interact. (Cowen, Todorovic, Lee, 2001) Or in more simple terms: â€Å"Briefly, what I am proposing is that the psychology of the mature human being is an unfolding, emergent, oscillating, spiraling process, marked by progressive subordination of older, lower-order behavior systems to newer, higher-order systems as man’s existential problems change. † (Graves, 1959) Where Er ikson, Graves, Beck, Cowen and a good number of other therapists saw he quantifyable development of human beings as the unfolding of stages, I also look to Ken Wilber who has devised a â€Å"Integral Theory† that looks for underlying connections between all these pieces of the same puzzle, drawing upon the available schools of thought in psychology, religion, philosphy, and other related fields, in an attempt to relate them to each other. One of Wilber’s greatest contributions to the field of psychology and counseling is by demonstrating that the various practitioners have all been studying several lines of development, yet collapsing these observations together as if they were one. By doing so, creating illisionary camps of opposing thought that are believed to be mutually exclusive. Wilber has shown that all of these lines coexist and need to be acknowledged in order for the treatment to have a larger impact. This is not to say that all approaches to pyschotherapy do this, many of the newer theories and approaches to therapy have begun to see and adapt this idea pulling from various modes of applications, such as dialectical, but few do this as broadly. An example of this can be seen in the following illustration: [pic] Wilber explains: And there are multiple paths or lines of development. It has been demonstrated that each level of development has a different worldview, with different perceptions, modes of space and time, and moral motivations (discoveries upon which the work of researchers from Maslow to Kohlberg to Loevinger to Gilligan would depend); he showed that reality is not simply given but is in many important ways constructed. (Wilber, 2000, loc 577-82) Given this explaination, Freud’s view could be seen and the identification of the psycho-sexual line of development, whereas Maslow focused on the needs line , Grave focus on an individual’s world-view, and Gilligan focused on the line of ego development. All equally important. Given this, my intake form that an individual would fill out combined with information collected during sessions should provide the basis from where to move forward in choosing the appropriate psychotherautic model for treatment increasing the effectivess and positive outcome in alleviating the individual’s current condition. This conclusion is echoed in this course’s text in that â€Å" Effective theories are grounded in an understanding of human development. They provide a framework for gathering and organizing information and exploring personality. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, loc. 972-73) Since I have the most experience in dealing with individuals drawing from health education and promotion theories that are similar to Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) methods, this would be the area I would most often begin. In SFBT, one of the core objectives â€Å" is to increase people’s hope and optimism by creating expectancy for change, n o matter how small. In this way, people become more aware of what is working rather than what is not. † (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, loc. 1000) Often times I have found that when people seek my services, they do so because something has changed, yet they are unaware of such a change, and that that change has been percieved as a negative effect by that individual. A common example of this is a person in their late 20’s or early 30’s who is distressed over a sudden increase in weight. There are many factors that can contribute to this, but a common theme I have observed is that the individual had continued to eat as if they were still an athlete, a teenager, or in their early 20’s. Their eating habits remained constant, however, their activity levels and the stage of their body’s development (they are no longer growing) have not, having an undesirable and unintentional impact. While this example is dealing with obersavable behaviors (activity, nutrition), the same can also be applied to an individuals mental constructs, schema’s, or beliefs. People often relate present expereinces with ones that look similar to what they have encountered in the past, yet the course their responses produces different results. One of the other great strengths is that SFBT focuses on the present and the future rather that on the past and allows an individual to focus on positive change. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, Loc. 10986-87) This would be especially important in the first few sessions since I would want to alleviate the immediate cause of distress. Using the above example, looking at the person’s belief and coming up with goals, such as using a nutrition journal to increase awareness, would be a good place to begin. Even small insights based upon this simple exercise can greatly motivate and increase this individual’s expectancy for further changes. Next I would turn to Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) because of its structure and its use of reason to challenge irrational beliefs. I love the outline presented in the class text because, in my experience, I have found that having a plan tends to increase the likelihood of compliance and therefore success. The typical session will almost always include the following tens steps 1. Review old business from the previous session – if it is the first session, than I would review the intake form to ensure accuracy and begin to develop the therapeutic alliance. 2. Check up on the mood, behavior, symptoms, and medication. 3. Elicit new business, especially and major life changes 4. Follow up on homework 5. Establish the agenda for the sessions 6. Do the work according to the ABCDEF format 7. Summarize the work that was done 8. Assign new homework 9. Obtain feedback on the session 10. Close the session (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, loc. 8046): This is not to say that I would be inflexible and if the situation presented itself, would even incorporate the use of Carl Roger’s more free-flowing client centered approach, but I would not start a session off that way. I have tried this type of approach and have found that for an individual who is looking for an immediate solution and possibly some guidance, that type of approach if used right from the start can be frustrating and de-motivating. I would also use the concepts found within REBT to help teach clients about rational and irrational thinking so that they could identify, dispute, and modify their irrational beliefs. By doing so, the individual should be able to develop a more rational and integrated approach to life. Unlike SFBT, which focuses on goal setting and problem solving, REBT dictates that I would need to go beyond this approach to enable the individual to establish more balanced, logical, and rewarding lives. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc. 7968) For emotionally based complaints that do not seem to be able to be addressed using SFBT and REBT, I would consider utilizing an emerging approach that has some components of Gestalt therapy, but it also based heavily on the concepts of Freud’s work called Core Energetics. The work of Core Energetics requires that clients want to dissolve their original wounds and evolve into their authentic selves, heart and soul. It is an emotional focused practice. It first appeared in the 70’s introduced by Dr. Pierrakos who had based this new methodology upon observations made by Wilhelm Reich, a colleague and disciple of Freud, about the connection between the body and psychological/emotional health and dysfunction. Black, 2004, 120-23) He believed that his clients’ bodies were tensed and distorted as a result of blocked energy and used physical approaches to alleviate or encourage an emotional discharge that often produced insight in to what was bothering them. I have experienced this type of therapy and have found it useful, especially when I was not completely aware of what was truly bothering me, though I would need further training before I was comfortable in implementing this type of approach. 2. Signs of Change As I worked with an individual there would be signs that I would be looking for that would help identify if my approach was having the desired effect. As reflected in our text: As they become cognizant of the possibilities for positive change, their empowerment and motivation increase correspondingly, creating a beneficial circle; positive change fuels people’s belief that change can happen, which enhances their motivation and efforts to change, which in turn leads to more positive changes. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, loc. 11001) When it comes to SFBT, simple indications would be compliance, the client creating and meeting the goals that were agreed upon, an increased motivation to be in action, and their reported belief that they were getting something out of our sessions. When it came to REBT, one of the advantages of the approach is the scaled questions that would be attached to their irrational beliefs. Those issues causing the most turmoil should be seen over time to diminish moving down scale on a scale of 1 – 10, where 10 would be most distressful to 1 being the least. If I find that the individual is still holding on to these irrational beliefs and being negatively affected by them, it would be because that they are still active and the individual was still using them (still unaware) and an adjustment would be made. Two other themes I would look for in working with the individual would be self-acceptance and awareness. The REBT approach â€Å"suggests that emotional difficulties often are found in people with conditional self-acceptance and that they value themselves because of their accomplishments rather than because of their basic worth as a person. † (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. 5828-30) In other words, for many, when they have a set-back or fail at something, they believe it is because they are bad or a failure. (conditions of self-worth) Those who were able to differentiate and see these differences (and display behaviors congruent with their statements) I would see as both making progress and as becoming more self-aware. By being aw are of their approaches to life, they would then be able to make changes, become fully self-expressed or authentic in the moment and see the possibilities available to them. . The Role of the Therapist and the Nature of the therapist-client relationship Given my experience over the last 15 years in dealing with individuals with a variety of health concerns and now moving to a more broad based look at an individual’s over-all mental health and its effect on those health issues, my approach and role in a therapist-client relationship would tend to be eclectic, integrating different treatment strategies as needed. Interactions and assessments with the individual would help to clarify what is most likely the main issue and which counseling theory or theories and the tools provided in each would best increase the chances for the most favorable outcome. With that being said – all of my approaches would begin by ensuring the strong development of a therapeutic alliance as illustrated by several of the fields most prominent therapists since the formalization of this idea by Carl Rogers. Therapist traits such as empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence (or being genuine with a client) create the conditions necessary to develop a more effective alliance between clinician and client. Therapy sessions then primarily act as a place where an individual can explore uncomfortable emotional experiences and learn or relearn more constructive ways of dealing with them. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc 1186) Even though the initial approach to REBT and SFBT tend to be more structured and more formal, it is still possible to create a warm, safe space or clearing within these contexts in order to foster re-education, insight, reframing, challenging irrational beliefs, and personal growth. By doing so it is almost inevitable that change will occur and that it will â€Å"have a ripple effect on many aspects of the client’s life. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc 11142) In REBT and SFBT the therapist often assumes many roles such as an educator, a mentor, a role model, and a coach using a wide variety of interventions, tools, and resources. Some of these tools I would bring into sessions would be identifying the situations and utilizing the three column technique, using a dysfunctional thought log or other journal and asking questions like â€Å"Between now and our first session, I want you to notice the things that happen to you that you would like to keep happening in the future? † or â€Å"What changes have occurred since the person first made the appointment? † all the time utilizing active listening skills, portraying empathy, offering reassurance, and making suggestions when they are relevant. When I was in session, I would keep all the above in mind in regards to the following: Current research suggests that treatment approaches and interventions are just one factor in producing change. In a landmark study, Miller, Duncan, and Hubble (1997) found that clients attributed 40% of the change they experienced in treatment to extratherapeutic factors (including people’s internal resources and events in their lives), 30% to the therapist–client relationship, 15% to particular techniques and interventions, and 15% percent to their hope and expectation of positive change. Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc 1043) which demonstrates the power of the therapeutic alliance and the need to be seen as both an expert, a guide, an advocate, and as most importantly, another human being just like them. 4. Goals Given the processes of the therapies I would tend to implement, I believe that the amount of sessions that would be needed in order to achieve the desired outcome and to alleviate their current concerns would be six to eight sessions with 80% of clients concluding treatment by the 20th session and most of their positive changes occurring by the 8th session. Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc. 11093) Before meeting with the client and then continuing the practice before any sequential sessions, I would use a decision tree to determine what interventions to use next with my client. Part of REBT is starting each session off by checking in with them to see what was happening in their life and what they wished to see happen more often to move towards major life changes. One of the major concepts of REBT is that Clinicians teach clients about rational and irrational thinking; help people identify, dispute, and modify their irrational beliefs; and facilitate their efforts to develop a more rational philosophy of life. Although problem solving is part of treatment, REBT clinicians go beyond problem solving and enable people to establish more balanced, logical, and rewarding lives. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, Loc. 8079-82) This would be done using the six-step ABCDEF structured format that would meet the requirements described above. In brief – we would look to identify the external source of discomfort, take a look at the belief about that stimulus and its effect, look at the consequences the belief was having on their life, devise ways to dispute this belief, what the effect would be once the belief had been realigned, and an exploration of the new feelings and behaviors that would be a result of this process. (ensuring motivation) (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc. 8084-8138) Other tools I described earlier would be the use of behavioral tracking and awareness enhancing practices such as a log or journal. When it comes to SFBT, some of the most important interventions would be the use of the miracle question which would implement the use of scaling to measure change and the use of suggested solutions, but would also focus on identifying exceptions, looking for places in a person life where things worked. For instance, if a person was having a difficult time and was feeling burned out because of the work requirements, exploration of times when they had a good day and what they did differently should provide their own solution to the kind of plan that should be developed further in order to have that exception become the norm. If the person had a difficult time identifying such a situation, there is where SFBT would tend to suggest activities to help the person identify such solutions or suggest ways they could try to alter the situation. Simple questions like â€Å"What is different about the times when the difficulty does not happen? †, When is the problem less severe? , and How is that different from the way you handled this the last time it occurred? † (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, Loc 11155) would all be ways to explore this further and find the individuals strengths or effective ways in which they have dealth with similar situation before. Once identified, those traits and skills would be exemplified and then practiced so that they become a new behavior. Tony Schwartz, the author of The Power of Full Engagement: Managing Energy, Not Time, Is the Key to High Performance and Personal Renewal has broadened this approach laying out the four main areas that an individual should look when trying to create new rituals, ones that will over-ride and replace older dysfunctional approaches. He focuses on the following: At the same time, we must build the four underlying capacities that make excellence possible: strength and endurance (physical), high positive energy (emotional), control of attention (mental), and a compelling sense of purpose (spiritual). (Schwartz, 2005, Loc. 143) What is so great about this book is that it addresses many of the main issues around performance, whether it is at work or in dealing with the family and aligns well with both REBT and SFBT. The main underlying message in the book could be summed up best by â€Å"It’s not the number of hours we work that determines how much value we create. Rather it’s the quantity and quality of energy we bring to whatever hours we work. † (Schwartz, 2005, Loc 161) This enderlying theme echos the beliefs of both systems. From a REBT perspective – it addresses the â€Å"performance equals worth† irrational belief and from a SFBT it focuses on the positive aspects and strengths an individual uses to maintain their energy levels, including understanding what values are of the upmost importance to them. 5. How this approach might apply to diverse groups Given that every individual – regardless of race, culture, gender, or orientation would need to proceed through the same stages of development and face similar transitional challenges at each stage, I believe that my approach would be useful in most therapy situations that were targeted at mid to high functioning individuals. I do not see this approach as being as effective with those who have a compromised perception of reality such as those who are currently in a psychopathic state, but even there this approach may be useful once those individuals have been stabilized. SFBT and REBT are both mental approaches to dealing with current issues which are both cross-cultural both in their acceptance and application. Since some cultures are more sensitive to talking about their emotions, my approach, using these methodologies should help to alleviate and overcome this cultural reluctance. When it comes to cross-cultural or diverse populations, I also include gender communication differences, religious orientation, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and even political. Both methodologies have been shown to be effective in dealing with such diversity. With that being said, given that I am a white male, coming from German-Slavic culture, with a hetero-sexual orientation, a higher level of education, and more of an urban ideology, I would expect that this perception may also be seen as a weakness in dealing with some individuals, especially depending upon why they were seeking my services in the first place. For instance, a woman suffering from mental issues surrounding a traumatic experience, such as rape, would most likely not do well with me – at least initially. Those coming from a Hispanic or other cultural orientation, or even a strong specific religious or philosophical background may also be turned off since I do not fall into their perceived notion of being able to relate. Of course, utilizing the therapeutic alliance and even addressing these concerns right from the start should help to alleviate these concerns. Also – the language barrier would certainly have a negative impact in that if communication was weak, it would reinforce the cultural divide not to mention have a profound effect on how well the individual and I could relate. In those cases, I would simply refer the individual to someone within the counseling network to whom I would believe this person would do best with. 6. Limitations and strengths of your approach The strengths, weakness, and limitations of my approach would be the same as those apparent in the tools that I would employ in most cases. SFBT can be too quick to identify with the presenting problem and therefore missing the greater importance or that a solution would need to be reached in a relatively short period of time could have a negative impact on outcomes. REBT may not be as useful with individuals who have a difficult time separating their emotional responses from their thoughts or the belief or expectation that therapy should be unstructured, focus on insights, and the need to explore the causes of their current state of mind could also undermine the entire process. While common complaints for Erikson’s approach being that it focuses too much upon the social implications, ignoring the biological influences of personality and physical dimension and for having been derived with more of a male gender bias. However, by utilizing the integral framework devised by Ken Wilber and using the four quadrant approach to cover all the bases of the internal individual self (locus of control), the biological effect on personality and displayed behaviors, the cultural effect on the individuals belief system, and the social structures and laws which tend to reinforce these effects should help to alleviate or negate these effects leaving only the strengths or the best of each approach to having the greatest influence upon the sessions, the individual, and the possible outcomes being pursued. The strengths of all these approaches would be that they are all cognitive or rational approaches to dealing with current issues which have empirical data to back up their claims as solid approaches to working with individuals in the alleviation of their problems. Also, as backed by our class text, â€Å"SFBT has also been easily integrated with other theories, including cognitive behavioral, REBT, Adlerian, and reality therapy† (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc. 8094) leaving me to believe that this approach would indeed have the outcomes and positive interations I would hope to see. Finally, many of the strengths, weakness, and limitations would be my own internal belief systems and my level of comfort in working with certain populations as well as any life events that I might be expereincing when working with any population plus my own specific preferences. Continued therapuetic work, I believe, would be essential in both expereincing the approaches first hand as well as addressing any irrational beliefs that I may have. Arlene F Harder, M. M. (2011). Support4change. com. Retrieved 2012, from Supportforchange. om: support4change. com/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=47Itemid=108 Beck, E. B. , Cowen, C. (1996). Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership and Change. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Black, S. (2004). A Way of Life: Core Energetics. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. Kindle version Cowen, C. , Todorovic, N. , Lee, W. R. (2001). Clarewgraves. com/Theory. Retrieved from Clarewgraves. com: clarewgraves. com/home. html Graves, D. C. (1959). An Emergent Theory of Ethical Behavior Based Upon an Epigentic Model. Historical Collection of the work of Dr. Clare W. Graves of William R. Lee,, 12. Schwartz, T. (2005). The Power of Full Engagement: Managing Energy, Not Time, Is the Key to High Performance and Personal Renewal. NY, NY: The Free Press. Kindle version Seligman, L. , Reichenberg, L. (2010). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy; systems, strategies, and skills (Kindle Versio n). Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Kindle version Wilber, K. (2000). Integral Psychology: Consciousness, Spirit, Psychology, Therapy. Boston: Shambhala Publications. Kindle version

Biography of Abigail Adams, Wife of John Adams

Biography of Abigail Adams, Wife of John Adams Wife of the second President of the United States, Abigail Adams is an example of one kind of life lived by women in colonial, Revolutionary and early post-Revolutionary America. While shes perhaps best known simply as an early First Lady (before the term was used) and mother of another President, and perhaps known for the stance she took for womens rights in letters to her husband, she should also be known as a competent farm manager and financial manager. Known for: First Lady, mother of John Quincy Adams, farm manager, letter writerDates: November 22 (11 old style), 1744 - October 28, 1818; married October 25, 1764Also known as: Abigail Smith AdamsPlaces: Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., United StatesOrganizations/Religion: Congregational, Unitarian Early Life Born Abigail Smith, the future First Lady was the daughter of a minister, William Smith, and his wife Elizabeth Quincy.  The family had long roots in Puritan America, and were part of the Congregational church.  Her father was part of the liberal wing within the church, an Arminian, distanced from Calvinist Congregational roots in predestination and questioning the truth of the traditional  doctrine of the Trinity. Educated at home, because there were few schools for girls and because she was often ill as a child,  Abigail Adams learned quickly and read widely. She also learned to write, and quite early began writing to family and friends. Abigail met John Adams in 1759 when he visited her fathers parsonage in Weymouth, Massachusetts.  They carried out their courtship in letters as Diana and Lysander.  They married in 1764, and moved first to Braintree and later to Boston.  Abigail bore five children, and one died in early childhood. Abigails marriage to John Adams was warm and loving‚- and also intellectually lively, to judge from their letters. Journey to First Lady After almost a decade of rather quiet family life,  John became involved in the Continental Congress. In 1774, John attended the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, while Abigail remained in Massachusetts, raising the family.  During his long absences over the next 10 years, Abigail managed the family and the farm and corresponded not only with her husband but with many family members and friends, including Mercy Otis Warren and Judith Sargent Murray.  She served as the primary educator of the children, including the future sixth U.S. president, John Quincy Adams. John served in Europe as a diplomatic representative from 1778, and as a representative  of the new nation, continued in that capacity. Abigail Adams joined him in 1784, first for a year in Paris then three in London. They returned to America in 1788. John Adams served as Vice President of the United States from 1789-1797 and then as President 1797-1801. Abigail spent some of her time at home, managing the family financial affairs, and part of her time in the federal capital, in Philadelphia most of those years and, very briefly, in the new White House in Washington, D.C. (November 1800 - March 1801). Her letters show that she was a strong supporter of his Federalist positions. After John retired from public life at the end of his presidency, the couple lived quietly in Braintree, Massachusetts.  Her letters also show that she was consulted by her son, John Quincy Adams. She was proud of him, and worried about her sons Thomas and Charles and her daughters husband, who were not so successful.  She took hard her daughters death in 1813.   Death Abigail Adams died in 1818 after contracting  typhus, seven years before her son, John Quincy Adams, became the sixth president of the U.S., but long enough to see him become Secretary of State in James Monroes administration. It is mostly through her letters that we know much about the life and personality of this intelligent and perceptive woman of colonial America and the Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary period.  A collection of the letters was published in 1840 by her grandson, and more have followed. Among her positions expressed in the letters was a deep suspicion of slavery and racism, support for womens rights including married womens property rights and the right to education, and full acknowledgement by her death that she had become, religiously, a unitarian. Resources and Further Reading Akers, Charles W. Abigail Adams: An American Woman. Library of American Biography Series. 1999.Bober, Natalie S. Abigail Adams: Witness to a Revolution. 1998. Young adult book.  Cappon, Lester J. (editor). The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams. 1988.  Gelles, Edith B. Portia: The World of Abigail Adams. 1995 edition.  Levin, Phyllis Lee. Abigail Adams: A Biography. 2001.Nagel, Paul C. The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters. 1999 reprint.Nagel, Paul C. Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family. 1999 reprint.  Withey, Lynne. Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams. 2001.

Global City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global City - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the term ‘Global City’ was first used by Saskia Sassen in her book of the same name to refer to London, New York, and Tokyo. Many more cities across the world have now been added to this list. The pre-conditions for a city to be considered global are, among others, size; being the location for the headquarters of financial institutions that play a central role in international financial markets and capital flows; having many important international flights in and out of its airports; being a center that attracts world-class managers and having local facilities capable of providing these managerial skills; having a highly developed system of transportation and communication; and being a global hub for cultural activities, sports, and educational pursuits. A global city would be an El Dorado sought out by many, and therefore would have thriving immigrant communities. If a truly global city sneezed, the rest of the world woul d indeed catch a cold! A global city captures â€Å"cultural imagination†, and â€Å" it would be one, people look to as portents of things to come; when you’re in one, you feel connected to the world, when you look on one from afar, you feel you’re seeing the future.† A global city, to retain its premier position in the world economy, would be under constant pressure to provide goods and services of a high quality at competitive prices.  

Critical discussion on rapid prototyping in the designprocess Essay

Critical discussion on rapid prototyping in the designprocess - Essay Example Rapid prototyping enables them to do just that by reducing the time needed to design and implement a product. In some cases RP techniques can reduce the prototyping time by 2X to 10X when compared to the older methods used for this purpose (Smith 1999). Companies ready to cope up with the customer demands and take lead to market their product prior than their competitors are inclined to survive in this competitive age. Therefore there are several companies who reduced their product development life cycle quite significantly as shown in following fig 1 (Smith 1990). History of rapid prototyping: Since the beginning of the industrial age prototypes have been considered a vital part of the designing of tools as well as structures. A prototype enables the manufacturer to test the functionality, out put, performance and optimality of the various design features that can be introduced into the actual product without risking additional manufacturing costs that may occur in case of an untest ed product. The concept of rapid prototyping originated in the late sixties, when Herbert Voelcker who was an engineering professor, decided to explore the possibilities of a computer controlled automatic tool that could design and manufacture a prototype using new and innovative methods. During the seventies, he proposed theories related to solid modeling, these theories then went on to become the basis of the algorithms and methods that are used for rapid prototyping today. In 1987 Carl Deckard who was a researcher in the University of Texas, developed a technique called selective laser sintering. Voelcker and Deckard made revolutionary developments as well as others after them, however Charles Hull is considered to be the father of rapid prototyping as he holds the patent for the instruments used in the development of 3D objects from 2D diagrams using Stereolithography. Nowadays a prototype can be produced fairly easily and efficiently as compared to the time when rapid prototypi ng hadn’t replaced subtractive manufacturing. Where has RP come from and where is it going: Rapid prototyping has been a valuable tool in the designer’s perspective for over a decade now, and the techniques involved have come a long way from since the time they were introduced. The main impact of this technology is in the replacement of traditional techniques in the final stages of product development. However,the greatest prospective for 3D modeling lies prior to the prototyping stage i.e. in the design process where better designs are envisioned. Over the last 20 to 25 years, products in the market have seen a tremendous increase in geometrical complexity. A typical example can be the automotive industry in which products have evolved from straight forward cars to custom built and even custom designed cars that some times look like some thing out of a science fiction movie. Initially in the 1970s car designs took 4 weeks at an average, later in the 1980s this time in creased to 16 weeks, however during the 1990s CAD/CAM and CNC technologies helped to shave down the time to 8 weeks and last but not the least RP techniques eventually enabled designers to complete the task in 3 weeks instead. Rapid prototyping has helped engineers and designers shorten the design cycle by enabling them to create in 2 hr a prototype that

marketing consulting :: essays research papers

Marketing Departments in mid-sized businesses face lots of challenges such as how to target customers more efficiently, how to increase market share, how to compete in the market-place and be ahead of competition, and how to increase one-to-one communications with customers. The unsteady economy has pressured businesses to become as streamlined as possible, leaving marketing departments short on budget and staff. Today, our role as Marketing Consultants is to help companies not only retain current customers but also aggressively grow market-share, open new market potentials and add new customers. Our Marketing offerings can help companies conquer these challenges. We can help developing, supervising and executing your Marketing Strategies, whether through dealing with your Marketing Department or through assigning persons from our company. Why we execute, or supervise for you? Because today’s economic realities have put a tremendous amount of pressure on the Marketing Departments to do more with less staff and budget. Marketing is the core of the company’s activities and strategies in today’s high competitive market. In the coming years, due to globalization, competition will boost, professional companies will achieve additional success and economical pressure will become very high. Please note here that cutbacks put companies at risk for losing customers through a lack of new initiatives and competition monitoring. The only possible response is to increase efficiency through outsourcing your Marketing Planning to experts in the field. Many Business Owners or Managers think that by simply placing an Ad in a newspaper or a commercial on a radio or a television station, customers will automatically come to purchase their product or service. This could bring some customers out of curiosity but hundreds of other potential customers may never learn of your business. Just think of the money you’ll lose simply because you didn’t develop an adequate Marketing Plan. As mentioned previously, Marketing is the core of your Business Operations and it determines how successful your business will be. What you, as a Business Owner or Manager, must do is maintain a thorough understanding of the Marketing Plan, and use it to extract advantages from the marketplace. Remember, your aim is not only to attract and keep a steady group of loyal customers but also to expand your customer base by identifying and attracting new customers and to reduce risks by anticipating Market Shifts that can affect your bottom line. †¦we visualize success to your company and help you reach it

Visual Stream Mapping

VISUAL STREAM MAPPING 1. 1 Introduction Lean manufacturing is a production practice that considers the expenditure of resources for any goal other than the creation of value for the end customer to be wasteful, and thus a target for elimination. Working from the perspective of the customer who consumes a product or service, â€Å"value† is defined as any action or process that a customer would be willing to pay for. The goal of Lean is to becomes the creation and maintenance of a production system which runs repetitively, day after day, week after week in a manner identical to the previous time period. Lean is actually the set of â€Å"tools† that assist in the identification and steady elimination of waste. As waste is eliminated quality improves while production time and cost are reduced. Examples of such â€Å"tools† are  Value Stream Mapping,  5S,  Kanban  (pull systems), and  poka-yoke  (error-proofing). 1. 2Visual Stream Mapping (VSM) Value stream mapping is a process designed to reduce lead time, to make product flow, and to eliminate waste (non value added operations or activities), all for the purpose of meeting customer demand at the lowest cost, and with the highest quality. Lean thinking relies on recognizing the â€Å"seven wastes† – over-production, over-processing, inventory, motion, scrap, waiting, and transportation. Target maps reveal which of these wastes can be eliminated now, and where. The key to producing useful target maps is to look for low-cost improvements that encourage flow, reduce inventory, and test the organization’s ability to manage in a lean environment. The challenge of developing the attitudes, systems and communication necessary for a true pull system operating at customer takt should not be underestimated. A high inventory system hides a multitude of problems, which will slowly be exposed as batch sizes and WIP are reduced. The level of organization and standardization required for one-piece flow are rarely found in companies with traditional production planning and traditional management. Visual Stream Mapping can identify wastes such as: 1. Over-production Over-production is the production of material which is not needed now. It usually occurs in the form of large batches, produced faster than the rate at which they can be consumed Over production is caused by a number of factors, such as long setups, poor quality, machine unreliability, avoidance of setups in order to make performance measures look better, or the desire to keep an expensive resource working. 2. Over-processing There are two aspects to this kind of waste which is overdoing it in the sense of doing too much, too soon, and beyond what is necessary and using inappropriate equipment, especially equipment that is much larger, faster, or more complicated than necessary. It can be difficult to distinguish between over-processing and over-production, because the first often leads to the second. Over-processing is usually associated with going beyond what the customer requires. Examples are reports and presentations that have more information than the audience is looking for, and therefore are difficult to understand and act on. 3. Inventory Whether in the form of work in process (WIP) or finished goods, inventory is considered the great problem in production. With material always available, the focus is taken away from the process, quality, and the rate of work. Inventory thus actually hides problems that exist in the production system. In addition, inventory has an impact on waste that is indirectly caused by having more than needed. Inventory leads to a lack of attention to the process. This means that processes are designed with cycle times well outside of the average. By buffering the process with inventory, the wide variance in cycle times is not noticed until an attempt is made to set up a continuous flow cell or line. 4. Transportation When a facility layout extends over a large area, the movement of inventory from operation to operation becomes necessary. It is thus another result of over-production. It also results from laying out production equipment by function. Functional layout places each type of machine in its own cell for a variety of reasons, mainly to do with the perceived benefits of specialization. 5. Motion Motion is a waste associated with both operators and equipment. In the case of operators, wasted motion includes bending, walking to get or place parts, lifting, and taking more than one step to reach or view machine interfaces. Motion can add significantly to cycle time, and must therefore be considered separately when creating and balancing cells and focused factories. . Scrap Scrap and rework are obviously wasteful. In batch production, scrap is rarely visible, since there is always more material available, and the run can be extended for a short while to produce the required quantity. In a continuous flow system, scrap is a serious problem, since every machine loses a cycle when a piece is rejected. This destroys b alance, and when producing to customer takt, results in a missed shipment. 7. Waiting Waiting takes a number of forms. Operators wait for machines to complete their cycle, or for material to arrive so they can work on it. Machines wait for work, and also for operators to load and unload work pieces or other production material. The kinds of waiting that are common in batch production facilities are different from the waiting that is wasteful in a continuous flow system. 1. 3Characteristics of VSM This is an elements that need an observation and a consideration during applying this VSM: 1. Recognize where environmental impacts occur in a product line. 2. Quantify raw materials used by processes and compare it to materials actually needed to produce the product. . Identify pollution and wastes generated by the production activities. 4. Identify root causes of wastes and inefficiencies. There are a number of common icons used in value stream maps, but icons can also be customized to best serve a value stream map. Icons help distinguish different elements of a product line from another. For example, different arrows should be used to distinguish between product and information movement. The figure 1. 0 be low contains commonly used icons in value stream mapping. Figure 1. 0 1. 4Implementation Once future state map completed a plan to achieve this aim need to be developed, the implementation cannot be done unless there is an actual plan that can vividly visualize the aim of VSM. Without a full blown project implementation with full commitment from everyone in the company you will not reach your future state and gain the identified benefits. The future state map will detail the amount by which your lead times will be reduced, lower stock holdings, potential efficiency improvements and so forth so it should be possible to justify any project financially. Also known as the  Deming Cycle  in many circles, Plan, Do, Check, Act is a simple model for improvement, you make your plan, you implement your plan, you check if you have achieved your stated aims and you then act to make any necessary changes. This cycle is repeated over and over again continually driving improvement. This is how you implement your Value Stream Mapping, it is an iterative process, one that you repeat over and over. You make your initial current state map, plan your improvements, then make your improvements. Then you check your progress by creating a new current state map and plan additional improvements, your value stream mapping should be repeated to ensure continual improvement of your processes. 2. 1 Process of VSM The first action of value stream mapping is to map the existing process which is the result is a Current State Map. Once a valid current state map has been constructed, it is then possible to suggest improvements, with confidence that the results from the proposed system will be quite similar to those of the Future State Map. In this way, the lean initiative moves from solid footing to solid footing. There is no â€Å"leap of faith† or â€Å"trust me† required to convince everyone that there really is a better way to carry out the process. 2. 1. 1Current State When reviewing a product or process line, the first value stream map you develop should record the current state of the line. Remember, conventional value stream mapping tends to focus at a facility-wide level. The current state map should take a snapshot of the current practices and materials usage rates for all processes. A current state map should also record where environmental impacts occur in the product line. The following processes typically have environmental impacts: 1. Metal Fabrication (Milling, Welding, Stamping, and Machining) 2. Parts Washing 3. Surface Cleaning 4. Plastic Forming (Extrusion and Moulding) 5. Surface Coating 6. Chemical Formulation 7. Hazardous Materials Handling 8. Waste Management A current state value stream map should also establish baselines for all inputs and outputs which are presented in Table 2. 1. 1 below. INPUT| OUTPUT| Pounds of materials used| Pounds of solid waste generated| Pounds of hazardous materials used| Pounds of hazardous waste generated| Gallons of water used| Pounds of air pollution emitted| Gallons of water consumed| Gallons of wastewater treated| Watts of energy used| | BTUs of energy used| | Table 2. 1. 1 Other inputs and outputs that conventional value stream maps identify include changeover and cycle time, labour, and rework. Exhibit 2. 0 illustrates a conventional value stream map, shows how to denote process inputs and outputs may exist in the product line. . 1. 2Compare ‘Use’ Vs ‘Need’ In the past, value stream maps would examine the time it takes to produce a product and the proportion of that time that is value added or the time spent actually working on the product. The timeline was a graphic representation that compared the two, but didn’t focus on the resources consumed and waste generated in making the product. A materials line is a variati on of a timeline and can be developed for any type of resource (e. g. , water, energy, total materials, and/or a critical substance used in the product). A materials line, located on the bottom of a value stream map, shows the amount of raw materials used by each process in the value stream and the amount of materials that end up in the product and add value from a customer’s perspective. For example, the materials line illustrated below in figure 2. 0 compares the amount of water used and needed in the milling and parts washing processes in a product line. Figure 2. 1. 2 Once you collect data for the materials line, you may notice large differences between the amount of material used and the amount needed for the product. This exercise can help you target the largest sources of waste for prioritizing improvement efforts. Exhibit 2 presents a value stream map with a materials line that focuses on water usage. You can also create separate maps that address other inputs such as hazardous materials or energy use. 2. 1. 3Visualize an Improved â€Å"Future State† Future state maps are created to show what a product or process line would look like after improvements are made. Future state maps should be drafted following the completion of a current state map. Practitioners play a vital role in developing future state maps, as they can help suppliers identify areas where environmental improvements can be made. More often than not, future state maps look closer at process level improvements. Facilities cannot typically make changes to the order in which processes take place in a product line, but they can implement changes to specific steps of a process. Opportunities for process improvement can be shown on a value stream map with a starburst as illustrated in Exhibit 3. Starbursts can identify processes that need to be examined closer, such as in Exhibit 4. Future state maps should represent the product or process line in a perfect state or fully optimized and highly efficient. It should not be restrained by cost. The future state should include the best available technologies and equipment, and estimated waste reductions should be included where appropriate. For example, if a surface coating line could reduce solvent use by installing a solvent recycler, the future state map should represent that improvement. The materials line that should be included on a current state map can be a good indicator of where improvement opportunities exist. If a process showed a large difference between the amount of a material used and the amount of material needed, practitioners should question why the difference exists. Inefficiencies are the root cause of most wastes. Efficient production lines will have little to no difference between the amount used compared to the amount actually needed to produce the product. Exhibits 5 and 6 show the difference between a current state and a future state parts washing line. Current and future state process maps can be generated for one or many processes that occur in a facilities product line. . 1Benefits and Importance of VSM Value stream mapping is often used at the outset of a lean program to identify the current process within an organization. Strictly speaking Value stream mapping is used to map information and materials through a production process but it can be used for so much more than simply transcribing the process. This is the list of benefits and importance of applying VSM technique : 1. It helps portray the process from the start of the production process to the end. 2. It help finds bottlenecks and find waste within the process. . It’s a group exercise and therefore can involve your workforce as part of your lean improvement program. 4. You can use a completed value stream map as an improvement aide to document transitions to a future state value stream map. 5. It’s an inexpensive tool, basically all you need is a paper and pen. 6. It can be easily critiqued by your workforce to highlight problems that exist within the process. 7. It’s not just for manufacturing, value stream mapping has been used in offices, service industries healthcare etc. 8. It’s easy to understand with a little bit of training on VSM, icons maps are easy to understand conveying powerful process in a simple pictorial fashion. 4. 1Conclusion This study has outlined a decision-making process for the mapping of the value stream or supply chain. This general process is grounded in a contingency approach as it allows the company to choose the most appropriate methods for the particular industry, people and types of problem that exist. The typology is based around the identification of the particular wastes the company or value stream members wish to reduce or eliminate. As such, it allows for an extension of the effective internal waste reduction philosophy pioneered by leading companies such as Toyota. In this case, however, such an approach can be widened and so extended to a value stream setting. This extension capability lies at the heart of creating lean manufacturing, with each of the value stream members working to reduce wasteful activity both inside and between their organizations. 5. 1 Reference 1. http//: EzineArticles. com/225609 2. www. gardinernielsen. com 3. www. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Value_stream_mapping 4. www. greensuppliers. gov/pubs/VSM. pdf

Life with Suffering or Death Euthanasia Should be Legalized

Euthanasia is a controversial issue because of the many ethical issues involved. Although, it can provide relief to suffering humans, but the moral standards are stretches for some because they are killing a human being. The proof for why euthanasia should or should not be used came from euthanasia books, that have both a pro and con section to the book. The other information came from euthanasia awareness websites. It could also be an economical way to save families and the government money, because euthanasia is cheaper than long term care. Therefore, euthanasia should be used because it could provide relief to the suffering person and their family. Every profession, and workplace stands by different ethical standards regarding†¦show more content†¦This decision is normally made by the patient, their family and by their doctor collectively. Lastly, there is active euthanasia. This involves deliberately ending the life of the patient whether they do it themselves or they have asked the doctor to do it. (BBC, 2011) The medical decision to use euthanasia can be achieved many different ways which always results in less suffering by all involved. The choice of euthanasia, active or non-voluntary, should be given to a suffering patient and family because it should be their own right to end their lives. It is cruel and inhumane to keep terminally ill patients alive against their will. (Reasons for Euthanasia, 2001) This is proper because it ends the patient and family suffering from the consequences of the disease. The patient could be a burden to the family because the patient is not independent. The lack of independence and the feeling of being a burden could cause the patient to become depressed which only adds to the suffering. The way to improve the situation is by taking control of their lives by choosing euthanasia. Many hours would be put into a decision to choose euthanasia. (Pankratz, 2010) This is necessary to prevent unneeded de ath from happening from an incorrect diagnosis or prognosis. A terminal illness is tested several times before and after informingShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide Should Be Legalized Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pages The Oxford English Dictionary states that euthanasia is a gentle and easy death (Oxford English Dictionary). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, active euthanasia is the ending of a terminally ill person s life by direct intervention, such as administering a lethal dose of painkilling drug (Oxford English Dictionary). While passive euthanasia according to the Oxford English Dictionary is the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatment in the knowledge that the personRead MoreEuthanasia Is A Form Of Doctor Assisted Suicide1379 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia is a form of doctor assisted suicide. 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